Total contact cast

ABSTRACT

A method of constructing a total contact cast, that includes the steps of wrapping a lower leg with foam from above the malleoli to mid-calf, covering the foot and lower leg with stockinette; covering the foot and ankle with cast padding, and applying cast tape to the leg over the previously-applied foam and allowing the cast tape to harden. A foam pad and lateral and medial malleolar pads are applied to the leg section of the cast and a foot and ankle positioning device is applied to the leg, and cast tape is applied over the lower leg and foot and allowing the cast tape to harden. A walking support is applied to the foot. A foot and ankle positioner for a total contact cast is also disclosed.

TECHNICAL FIELD AND BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a total contact cast, particularly of the type used to treat wounds often encountered by diabetic patients. A total contact cast is designed to redistribute plantar pressures and reduce shock and shear forces that contribute to tissue breakdown and that interfere with the normal healing process of open plantar ulcers on the diabetic foot. The application of appropriate structures to reduce pressure on pedal wounds and alter a patient's gait to prevent injury or reinjury of the tissues requires the use of several types of devices and footwear during the course of healing. The healing and post-healing stages are both important in the overall treatment sequence since treatment must include not only actual healing, but treatment after healing when newly healed tissues are thin, fragile and subject to being reinjured. Ideally, a proper treatment procedure should not only heal the wound but also protect delicate, recently healed tissues from further breakdown during the wound maturation process.

Some practitioners are reluctant to use a total contact cast. Reasons may include inadequate training, a lack of confidence to administer the treatment, a wound caused or made worse when using the treatment, or poor compliance demonstrated by diabetic neuropathic patients. The practitioner must trust a patient to follow the treatment protocol. A patient who has a demonstrated history of poor judgment in managing his or her care, with the restrictions imposed by prior art total contact casts has reduced the use of total contact casts in the past.

In order for diabetic sores and wounds to heal, substantially all of the patient's weight must be removed from the sore or wound, many of which occur on the balls of the feet.

Most practitioners treating diabetic wounds use a number of alternative off-loading devices due to a perceived complexity of applying total contact casts, concern for complications reported in the literature, the cost of materials for the device, reimbursement concerns, and a fear that application of the total contact cast will take too much time. Alternative devices used by practitioners include a removable cast walker, non-removable cast walker, instant total contact cast, molded or double upright ankle foot orthosis with or without a patellar tendon-bearing addition, Charcot restraint orthopedic walkers, modified Carville healing sandal, football dressing, commercial off-loading shoes such as the half or wedge shoes or wound care shoe systems, standard post-operative shoe, and depth or custom-molded footwear.

Most practitioners choose between these devices based on their individual experience with a particular modality, clinical availability, patient preference, or insurance reimbursement. The most commonly employed device is the surgical shoe with or without internal shoe modifications despite relatively poor evidence for healing when compared to the total contact cast or the instant total contact cast.

The diabetic patient is a complicated and often frustrating entity to treat. Patience, persistence, and a commitment to the patient are required to achieve a satisfactory result. There is therefore a need for an application method and components that allow practitioners to apply an effective total contact cast without the worry of cast misapplication common to total contact kits presently on the market. An ideal resolution produces a suspended foot within a rigid external total contact limb-load cast capable of supporting even the heaviest patient. There is also a need for a total contact cast that can be applied by a single practitioner without assistance.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an effective total contact cast that will efficiently utilize the benefits desired when using a total contact cast.

It is a further object of the invention to provide an effective total contact cast that improves treatment outcomes.

It is a further object of the invention to provide an effective total contact cast that makes use of some components that are already available in the marketplace.

It is a further object of the invention to provide an effective total contact cast that makes use of some components that are adjustable or adaptable to different size patients.

It is a further object of the invention to provide a method of applying materials and components in order to achieve an effective total contact cast.

These and other objects and advantages of the invention are achieved by providing a method of constructing a total contact lower leg cast, that includes the steps of wrapping a thoroughly cleaned lower leg with foam from above the malleoli to mid-calf, covering the foot and lower leg with stockinette, overlapping a predetermined part of the previously-applied foam, and covering the foot and ankle with cast padding. A cast tape is applied to the leg over the previously-applied foam, and the cast tape is allowed to harden. A foam pad and lateral and medial malleolar pads are applied to the leg section of the cast with a second roll of casting tape. A foot and ankle positioning device is applied to the leg. The foot and ankle positioning device including a foot pad and medial and lateral side extensions extending up the medial and lateral aspects of the ankle and lower leg at a right angle to the foot pad is applied. A cast tape is applied over the lower leg and foot and allowed to harden. A walking support is applied to the foot.

In accordance with another embodiment of the invention, a foot and ankle positioner for a total contact cast is provided that includes a foot bed adapted for application to the bottom of the foot from the toes to the heel. A pair of side extensions is carried by medial and lateral sides of the foot bed and adapted for extending up the medial and lateral aspects of an ankle and lower leg to which the foot and ankle positioner is applied.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGURES

The present invention is best understood when the following detailed description of the invention is read with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the foot and ankle positioning device according to one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2 is a plan view of a foam pad with medial and lateral malleolar extension pads;

FIG. 3 is side elevation illustrating a foot and ankle positioning device and a foam pad with medial and lateral malleolar extension pads positioned on the foot and lower leg, with a portion of a stockinette covering removed to show an underlying padding;

FIG. 4 is a rear elevation view showing foot and ankle positioning device and a foam pad with medial and lateral malleolar extension pads positioned on the foot and lower leg;

FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a lower leg and foot after wrapping with an outer bandage; and

FIG. 6 is a perspective view of the completed total contact cast in a cast shoe.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

Referring now specifically FIG. 1 of the drawings, a foot and ankle positioning device 10 is shown. The device 10 includes a foot pad 12 preferably formed of a semi-rigid plastic. The foot pad 12 includes a series of transversely-extending scores 14 that allow the foot pad 12 to be adjusted as needed for a smaller foot by trimming off excess material at a selected one of the scores 14. The device 10 also includes a pair of vertically extending side extensions 16 and 18. The side extensions 16, 18 may optionally include respective spaced-apart scores 20, 22 that permit the side extensions 16, 18 to be shortened by trimming or snapping off as necessary to accommodate a shorter lower leg.

FIG. 2 illustrates a foam pad 30 that includes a foot bed 32 and lateral and medial malleolar extension pads 34, 36. The foot bed 32 includes a series of transversely-extending scores 38 that permit the length of the foam pad 30 to be adjusted as necessary by trimming the excess foam material at a selected one of the scores 38. The foam that forms the pad 30 is a suitable medical grade open or closed cell foam having a preferred thickness of 2.5 cm.

As is shown in FIG. 3, the foam pad 30 is placed under the foot and the medial and lateral malleolar extension pads 34, 36 are folded upon onto and covering the medial and lateral aspects of the ankle. This takes place after preliminary application of protective wrappings and a stockinette, as described below. The foot is then placed into the foot and ankle positioning device 10. As shown in FIG. 4, the foam pad 30 is sufficiently conformable to mold against the various irregularities and asymmetries of the ankle.

The foot and ankle positioning device 10 and foam pad 30 are used in conjunction with the technique explained below. A kit, which includes the foot and ankle positioning device 10 and foam pad 30 as well as other components, includes by way of illustration:

-   -   1. One roll foam padding such as Comprifoam®: 12 cm×2.5 m×0.4.         cm;     -   2. One 75 cm piece of stockinette;     -   3. 3 rolls of cast padding, which may be a synthetic or cotton         padding;     -   4. 4 rolls of Delta Lite® Conformable cast tape , or two 4″ and         two 3″ rolls of Delta Lite® Conformable cast tape;     -   5. One foot and ankle positioning device 10 and one 2.5 cm thick         foam pad 30 with medial and lateral malleolar extension pads 34,         36; and     -   6. A cast shoe 50, as in FIG. 6, of appropriate size.

The method according to the invention proceeds by first wrapping a thoroughly cleaned lower leg and foot with a foam padding 40 such as BSN Medical padding sold under the trademark Comprifoam® from 8 cm above the malleoli to mid-calf. The foot and lower leg is then covered with stockinette 42, overlapping 4 cm. of the Comprifoam® padding 40. See FIGS. 3 and 4. The foot and ankle are then covered with cast padding in a manner similar to a standard ambulatory cast.

A conformable cast tape 44, such as BSN Medical cast tape sold under the trademark Delta-Lite® Conformable is then applied to the leg segment over the Comprifoam® previously applied, and allowed to harden.

The foam pad 30 is then positioned under the foot with the malleolar pads 34, 36 folded upwardly against the lateral and medial aspects of the ankle, attached to the leg section of the cast by application of a second roll of casting tape and adjusted to the proper size at the scores 38. The foot and ankle positioning device 10 is then applied. The structure of the foot and ankle positioning device 10 allows the practitioner to assure that the foot is held at a right angle to the leg while finishing the cast without the need of an assistant.

The application of the cast is completed by applying 2-3 rolls of additional conformable cast tape 46, which is allowed to harden. Slight weight bearing can be allowed to produce a flat base suitable for ambulation. The toe of the cast is left open.

A rocker bottom cast shoe 50 is then applied so that the patient can walk while wearing the cast.

This cast goes on as easily as a standard walking cast, eliminating fear of application mistakes. Application can be performed by one person, eliminating the need for an assistant. The resulting cast offloads the foot with a true total contact cast limb-load upper, and provides an improved protective, well-padded foot and ankle. This eliminates the chance of Achilles, malleolar or heel ulcers, or saw cuts on removal.

Alternatively, the foot and ankle positioning device 10 can be applied to the leg section of the cast after the rolls of cast padding are applied from toes to the leg and before the second and third layers are applied in order to maintain the foot and ankle in neutral position while it hardens. The foot and ankle positioning device 10 can also incorporate a rocker sole into the design to allow for a removable slipper with a non-skid base that can be worn over the cast similar to a rubber overshoe worn to protect shoes from rain. The slipper can thus be removed for sleeping in order to keep dirt out of the patient's bed.

In this manner, almost all of the patient's weight is removed from the forefoot, where most diabetic sores and wounds occur. Approximately 30 percent of the patient's weight is taken on and absorbed by the leg portion of the cast. Approximately 55 percent of the patient's weight is supported by the heel. In this regard it is important that the lower leg and foot be set and maintained at a right angle, and the structure of the foot and ankle positioning device 10 facilitates this orientation by the right angle between the foot pad 12 and the side extensions 16, 18.

A further 10 percent of the patient's body weight is supported by the midfoot area, leaving only about 5 percent of the patient's weight on the forefoot. This not only reduces direct downward pressure but also reduces shear forces that may occur as the patient pushes off on the foot during walking.

A total contact cast and total contact cast components according to the invention have been described with reference to specific embodiments and examples. Various details of the invention may be changed without departing from the scope of the invention. Furthermore, the foregoing description of the preferred embodiments of the invention and best mode for practicing the invention are provided for the purpose of illustration only and not for the purpose of limitation, the invention being defined by the claims. 

I claim:
 1. A method of constructing a total contact lower leg cast, comprising the steps of: (a) wrapping a thoroughly cleaned lower leg with foam from above the malleoli to mid-calf; (b) covering the foot and lower leg with stockinette that overlaps a predetermined part of the previously-applied foam; (c) covering the foot and ankle with cast padding; (d) applying cast tape to the leg over the previously-applied foam, and allowing the cast tape to harden; (e) positioning a foam pad and lateral and medial malleolar pads to the leg section of the cast with a second roll of casting tape and adjusting the foam pad to the proper size; (f) positioning a foot and ankle positioning device to the leg, the foot and ankle positioning device including a foot pad and medial and lateral side extensions extending up the medial and lateral aspects of the ankle and lower leg at a right angle to the foot pad; (g) applying cast tape over the lower leg and foot and allowing the cast tape to harden; and (h) applying a walking support to the foot.
 2. A method according to claim 1, and including the step of leaving a toe area of the cast open to provide ventilation to the foot.
 3. A method according to claim 1, and including the step of shortening the medial and lateral side extensions to a length medically suitable for the length of the lower leg.
 4. A method according to claim 1, wherein the foot support comprises a cast shoe.
 5. A method according to claim 1, wherein the foot and ankle positioning device is applied to the leg section of the cast after a first layer of cast padding is applied from toes to the leg and before a second and third layer is applied in order to maintain the foot and ankle in neutral position while an application of cast tape applied over the first layer hardens.
 6. A method according to claim 1, and including the step of shortening the foot pad a length medically suitable for the length of the foot.
 7. A method according to claim 1, and including the steps of shortening the medial and lateral side extensions to a length medically suitable for the length of the lower leg and shortening the foot pad a length medically suitable for the length of the foot.
 8. A foot and ankle positioner for a total contact cast, comprising: (a) a foot bed adapted for application to bottom of the foot from the toes to the heel; and (b) a pair of side extensions carried by medial and lateral sides of the foot bed and adapted for extending up the medial and lateral aspects of an ankle and lower leg to which the foot and ankle positioner is applied.
 9. A foot and ankle positioner according to claim 8, wherein the foot bed includes a plurality of indicators extending laterally across a width of the foot bed for providing a guide for shortening the foot pad when medically suitable to fit the length of the foot.
 10. A foot and ankle positioner according to claim 8, wherein the indicators are scores.
 11. A foot and ankle positioner according to claim 8, wherein the side extensions include a plurality of spaced-apart scores that permit at least one of the side extensions to be shortened to a length medically suitable for the length of the lower leg.
 12. A foot and ankle positioner according to claim 8, wherein the foot bed includes a plurality of indicators extending laterally across a width of the foot bed for providing a guide for shortening the foot pad when medically suitable to fit the length of the foot and wherein the side extensions include a plurality of spaced-apart scores that permit at least one of the side extensions to be shortened to a length medically suitable for the length of the lower leg. 